Directional Terms, Planes &  Oral Terms

 

 

Directional Terms and Surfaces

 

A.  dorsal   vs.  ventral

B.  cranial  vs.  Caudal

C.  anterior  vs.  posterior

D.  rostral  vs.  caudal

E.  medial  vs.  lateral

F.  superior  vs.  inferior

G.  proximal  vs.  distal

H.  superficial  vs.  deep

I.   palmar  vs.  plantar …..palmar = caudal surface of front paw or foot

                                           Plantar = caudal surface of rear paw or foot

J.  flexion   vs.  extension

 

Planes and Surfaces….imaginary lines to divide the body into sections

 

  1. Midsaggital or Median plane….…..divides the body into equal right and left halves
  2. Sagittal plane………divides the body into unequal right and left halves
  3. Dorsal plane……….divides the body into dorsal (top or back) and ventral (belly)
  4. Transverse plane…..divides the body into cranial and caudal parts

 

 

Oral Terms

 

  1. Arcade……arrangement of teeth
  2. Lingual surface……tongue side
  3. Buccal surface…….cheek side
  4. Occlusal surface…..teeth surfaces that meet when chewing
  5. Labial ……facing the lips
  6. Contact surface…….touch other teeth
  7. Cavity……hole or hollow space

 

Positional Terms

 

  1. recumbent = lying down
    1. dorsal recumbency = lying on back
    2. ventral recumbency = lying on abdomen
    3. sternal recumbency = lying on sternum  (like ventral)
    4. right lateral recumbency = lying on right side
    5. left lateral recumbency = lying on left side
    6. prone = ventral or sternal recumbency
    7. supine = dorsal recumbency

 

Movement Terms

 

  1. adduction = moving  toward the midline
  2. abduction = moving  away from the midline
  3. flexion = decrease the angle of a joint
  4. extension = increase the angle of a joint
  5. hyperflexion = extreme decrease in the angle of a joint
  6. hyperextension = extreme increase in the angle of a joint
  7. pronation = rotating a limb so palmar surface is downward
  8. supination = rotating a limb so palmar surface is upward

 

Misc Terms

 

  1. genetic = refers to hereditary
  2. congenital = refers to present at birth
  3. anomaly = not normal
  4. tissue = group of cells with similar function and structure
    1. four types of tissue

a.       epithelial

b.      connective

c.       nervous

d.      muscle  ( skeletal, smooth or cardiac )

  1. histology = study of tissues
  2. plasia = suffix to describe formation of tissue
    1. aplasia = lack of development of tissue
    2. dysplasia = defective growth in tissue or cells
    3. hyperplasia = abnormal increase in tissue or cells
    4. hypoplasia = incomplete development in tissue or cells
    5. neoplasia = abnormal new growth of tissue or cells
    6. tumor = distinct mass of tissue

a.       benign = not recurring

b.      malignant = growing, spreading and life threatening

c.       oma = suffix referring to a tumor

  1. trophy =  suffix means to increase size of tissue or cells
    1. atrophy = decrease size of tissue or cells
    2. dystrophy = defective growth in tissue or cells
    3. hypertrophy = increase greatly the size of tissue or cells

 

  1. gland = group of specialized cells that secrete material used elsewhere in the body
    1. exocrine glands = secretion enters ducts  that go to other organs or outside

a.  ex:  sweat glands;   part of pancreas that secretes digestive enzymes

                  2.  endocrine glands = secretion goes directly into bloodstream

                        a.  ex:  thyroid gland;  part of pancreas that secretes insulin

 

  1. organ = part of the body that performs a special function or functions
  2. unilateral  =  refers to one side
  3. bilateral  =  refers to both sides
  4. bicornuate  uterus  =  uterus with 2 horns

 

Organ Terms

 

  1. Skeletal
    1. osteo, arthro, chondro
  1. Muscular
    1. myo ,tendino,  fascio
  2. Cardiovascular
    1. cardio, arterio, vena, hemato
  3. Lymphatic & Immune system
    1. lympho, tonsillo, spleno
  4. Respiratory system
    1. rhino, naso, pharyngo, tracheo, laryngo, pneumo
  5. Digestive system
    1. mouth = stoma
    2. esophagio, gastro, entero, colon, hepato, pancreato
  6. Urinary system
    1. renal, nephro, uretero, urethral, cysto
  7. Nervous system
    1. neuro, encephalo, myelo
  8. Eyes
    1. optho, oculo, opto
  9. Ears
    1. oto, aural, audito
  10. Integument
    1. derm, cutaneous
  11. Endocrine system
    1. adrenal = adreno
    2. gonad = gonado
    3. thyroid = thyro

      M,  Reproductive system

                  1.  testes = orchio, orchid, testiculo

                  2.  ovary = ovario, oophoro

                  3.  uterus = hyster,  metri, utero